Last year, I came across Mixture of Experts (MoE) through this research paper published in Nature. Later in 2025, Nvidia published a research paper on ToolOrchestra. While reading the paper, I kept thinking about MoE and how ToolOrchestra is similar to or different from it.
In this article, you will learn about two fundamental architectural patterns reshaping how we build intelligent systems. We’ll explore ToolOrchestra and Mixture of Experts (MoE), understand their inner workings, compare them with other routing-based architectures, and discover how they can work together.